A Review of Insect Pests of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nigeria

Abstract

Cocoa production in Nigeria has experienced a significant decline in recent decades, primarily due to a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these, insect pests stand out as a major contributing factor to substantial yield and quality losses. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the diversity, biology, economic impact, and effective control strategies for key insect pests affecting cocoa in Nigeria. The primary pests identified include cocoa mirids (Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobroma), cocoa pod borer (Characoma stictigrapta), termites, mealy bugs, stem borers, and various secondary pests. The review strongly advocates for the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that judiciously combine cultural, biological, and chemical control methods. Furthermore, it highlights critical research gaps and proposes future directions for sustainable pest management, ultimately aiming to bolster cocoa productivity and enhance farmer livelihoods in Nigeria.